Unless you are an EU(excluding Bulgaria & Romania), EER or Swiss national, a work permit is required if you intend to work in the Netherlands. In principle your employer has to apply for your work permit, otherwise you can download a work permit application form here: aanvraagformulier tewerkstellingsvergunning (PDF) or digitally here: digitale aanvraagformulier tewerkstellingsvergunning (both in Dutch)
Who needs a work permit?
Non-EU guest teachers working in the Netherlands for more than a year need to apply for a work permit.
Unsalaried non-EU guest researchers and PhD's must apply for a work permit, no matter how long they intend to stay working in the Netherlands.
Salaried guest teachers, guest researchers and PhD's can apply for the highly skilled migrant procedure in which case a work permit is not needed.
More information can be found on nuffic (Netherlands organization for international cooperation in higher education).